Freedom Under Constraint: A Philosophical Diagnosis of the European Union’s (EU) Competitiveness Malaise
Abstract This essay diagnoses the European Union’s contemporary competitiveness predicament - and the attendant risks to its social model and geopolitical agency - through three explicitly philosophical lenses: republican non-domination , the capability approach , and a Habermasian account of legitimacy. The argument is not that the EU is “declining” in any metaphysical sense, but that several structural constraints increasingly expose Europeans to (i) external dependence, (ii) internal fragmentation, and (iii) governance bottlenecks that jointly weaken economic dynamism and strategic autonomy. Empirical claims are restricted to the supplied documentary record: EU and Euro-area productivity divergence, energy-price vulnerability after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, underperformance in R&D intensity, rapid population ageing, fragmented capital markets, the limited plausibility of the EU’s microchips targets, and institutional obstacles in foreign policy and defence coordination. Man...